Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe is one of the components used in the air conditioning system. It is a pipeline that connects the various parts of the automotive air conditioning scattered in various parts of the car to form a complete set of automotive air conditioning systems. They are generally composed of aluminium pipes, air conditioning hoses and other pipeline accessories.
The global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe market was valued at US$ 5750 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 8004 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 4.9% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
The automotive air conditioning hose and pipe market has shown a steady growth trend in recent years. With the development of the automobile manufacturing industry and the improvement of consumers' demand for comfort, the popularity of automobile air conditioning systems has continued to rise, thus driving the market demand for automobile air conditioning hoses and pipes.
At present, the market for automobile air conditioning hoses and pipes is mainly dominated by several core enterprises, which have occupied a large share of the market with their technological advantages and brand influence. Common hose materials on the market have good high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and aging resistance. With the continuous advancement of automobile manufacturing processes, lightweight, durability and safety have become the main goals of hose and pipe design.
In the future, with the increasingly stringent environmental regulations and the popularity of new energy vehicles, the automotive air conditioning hose and pipe market will face new opportunities and challenges. The application of environmentally friendly materials and technologies will become the key to future development. In addition, the demand for intelligence and personalization will also drive the further development of the market, such as smart air conditioning systems and customized air conditioning solutions. Overall, the automotive air conditioning hose and pipe market is expected to continue to grow in the next few years, providing more choices and higher quality products for the automotive manufacturing industry and consumers.
Global core manufacturers of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe include DENSO corporation, MAHLE, Valeo, TI Fluid Systems, Hanon Systems and Continental AG, etc. The top three manufacturers occupy the global About 23% share. Europe is the world's largest market, accounting for nearly 33% of the market.
In terms of product type, high pressure occupies a dominant position, accounting for 54% of the total. At the same time, in terms of application, passenger cars are the largest application field, accounting for 70%.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe.
The Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (M Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
麻豆原创 Segmentation
By Company
DENSO Corporation
MAHLE
Valeo
TI Fluid Systems
Hanon Systems
Continental AG
Eaton
MARELLI
Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts
SAAA
Sanden Holdings Corporation
Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner
Nichirin Co.,ltd.
Universal Air Conditioner Inc.
Tianjin Pengling Group
Sumitomo Riko
Hutchinson
by Type
High Pressure
Low Pressure
by Application
Passenger Car
Commercial Vehicle
Production by Region
China
Europe
Japan
North America
South Korea
India
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Rest of Europe
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Please Note - This is an on demand report and will be delivered in 2 business days (48 hours) post payment.
1 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe by Type
1.2.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type: 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 High Pressure
1.2.3 Low Pressure
1.3 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe by Application
1.3.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Passenger Car
1.3.3 Commercial Vehicle
1.4 Global 麻豆原创 Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 麻豆原创 Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production 麻豆原创 Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value 麻豆原创 Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
2.4 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe, Product Type & Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Players 麻豆原创 Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Region
3.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value 麻豆原创 Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production 麻豆原创 Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 China Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 Japan Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 North America Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.5 South Korea Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.6 India Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Netherlands
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
4.6.6 GCC Countries
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production 麻豆原创 Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value 麻豆原创 Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production 麻豆原创 Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Value 麻豆原创 Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 DENSO Corporation
7.1.1 DENSO Corporation Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.1.2 DENSO Corporation Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.1.3 DENSO Corporation Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 DENSO Corporation Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.1.5 DENSO Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 MAHLE
7.2.1 MAHLE Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.2.2 MAHLE Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.2.3 MAHLE Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 MAHLE Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.2.5 MAHLE Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Valeo
7.3.1 Valeo Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.3.2 Valeo Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Valeo Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Valeo Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.3.5 Valeo Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 TI Fluid Systems
7.4.1 TI Fluid Systems Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.4.2 TI Fluid Systems Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.4.3 TI Fluid Systems Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 TI Fluid Systems Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.4.5 TI Fluid Systems Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Hanon Systems
7.5.1 Hanon Systems Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.5.2 Hanon Systems Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Hanon Systems Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Hanon Systems Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.5.5 Hanon Systems Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Continental AG
7.6.1 Continental AG Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.6.2 Continental AG Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Continental AG Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Continental AG Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.6.5 Continental AG Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Eaton
7.7.1 Eaton Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.7.2 Eaton Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Eaton Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Eaton Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.7.5 Eaton Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 MARELLI
7.8.1 MARELLI Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.8.2 MARELLI Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.8.3 MARELLI Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 MARELLI Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.8.5 MARELLI Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts
7.9.1 Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.9.2 Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.9.5 Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 SAAA
7.10.1 SAAA Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.10.2 SAAA Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.10.3 SAAA Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 SAAA Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.10.5 SAAA Recent Developments/Updates
7.11 Sanden Holdings Corporation
7.11.1 Sanden Holdings Corporation Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.11.2 Sanden Holdings Corporation Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.11.3 Sanden Holdings Corporation Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.11.4 Sanden Holdings Corporation Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.11.5 Sanden Holdings Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
7.12 Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner
7.12.1 Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.12.2 Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.12.3 Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.12.4 Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.12.5 Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner Recent Developments/Updates
7.13 Nichirin Co.,ltd.
7.13.1 Nichirin Co.,ltd. Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.13.2 Nichirin Co.,ltd. Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.13.3 Nichirin Co.,ltd. Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.13.4 Nichirin Co.,ltd. Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.13.5 Nichirin Co.,ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
7.14 Universal Air Conditioner Inc.
7.14.1 Universal Air Conditioner Inc. Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.14.2 Universal Air Conditioner Inc. Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.14.3 Universal Air Conditioner Inc. Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.14.4 Universal Air Conditioner Inc. Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.14.5 Universal Air Conditioner Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
7.15 Tianjin Pengling Group
7.15.1 Tianjin Pengling Group Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.15.2 Tianjin Pengling Group Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.15.3 Tianjin Pengling Group Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.15.4 Tianjin Pengling Group Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.15.5 Tianjin Pengling Group Recent Developments/Updates
7.16 Sumitomo Riko
7.16.1 Sumitomo Riko Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.16.2 Sumitomo Riko Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.16.3 Sumitomo Riko Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.16.4 Sumitomo Riko Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.16.5 Sumitomo Riko Recent Developments/Updates
7.17 Hutchinson
7.17.1 Hutchinson Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Company Information
7.17.2 Hutchinson Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Product Portfolio
7.17.3 Hutchinson Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.17.4 Hutchinson Main Business and 麻豆原创s Served
7.17.5 Hutchinson Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Production Mode & Process
8.4 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Sales and 麻豆原创ing
8.4.1 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Sales Channels
8.4.2 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Distributors
8.5 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Customers
9 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Dynamics
9.1 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe Industry Trends
9.2 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Drivers
9.3 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Challenges
9.4 Automotive Air Conditioner Hose and Pipe 麻豆原创 Restraints
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 麻豆原创 Size Estimation
11.1.3 麻豆原创 Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
DENSO Corporation
MAHLE
Valeo
TI Fluid Systems
Hanon Systems
Continental AG
Eaton
MARELLI
Changzhou Tenglong Automobile Parts
SAAA
Sanden Holdings Corporation
Changzhou Senstar Automobile Air Conditioner
Nichirin Co.,ltd.
Universal Air Conditioner Inc.
Tianjin Pengling Group
Sumitomo Riko
Hutchinson
听
听
*If Applicable.
